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Overview         (For age - group : Above 16 )

Sun is the ultimate energy source, the energy it creates in one billionth of a second is still more than that created by burning earth's complete coal reserves. Have you ever wondered how does it create all that energy, and how does it transfer it from its core to the surface located half a million kiometer away. This educational science animation shows you everything.

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Nuclear Fusion and Energy transfer in the Sun
 Content : Educational science software
Type : Animation
Duration : 45 minutes
    Topics Covered :
  • What is the Sun made up of?
  • Structure of Sun
  • From where does the sun get its energy?
  • Nuclear fusion reaction at the center of the sun- source of solar energy
  • How does Sun's core act as a nuclear fusion reactor?
  • Conversion of Nuclear matter into energy calculation
  • How is energy transported from the core to the outer surface (situated millions of kilometer away from the core) of the sun?
    Explanatory Notes contain:
  • Why nuclear fusion reactions take place only at the core of the Sun?
  • Why nuclear fusion reactions do not blow up the Sun?
  • How do nuclear fusion reactions produce tremendous energy?
  • Nuclear fusion reactions on earth- requirement, possible implementation by magnetic confinement and inertial confinement, disastrous application in production of nuclear weapons
Snapshots         
Structure of the Sun with detailed description of core, radiative zone, chromosphere, photosphere, convection zone and the corona
Structure of the Sun with detailed description of core, radiative zone, chromosphere, photosphere, convection zone and the corona
The educational software takes you deep inside the Sun, every smallest point is explained, using animation, text and interactivity
The educational software takes you deep inside the Sun, every smallest concept is explained, using animation, text and interactivity
What is happening in the middle of the Sun, how can electrons be stripped away from atoms creating the plasma state, how can a temperature of 15 million K can be achieved
The proton - proton fusion can only take place at high temperatures, how do we achieve this on earth ?

What is happening in the middle of the Sun, how can electrons be stripped away from atoms creating the plasma state, how can a temperature of 15 million K can be achieved
The proton - proton fusion can only take place at high temperatures, how do we achieve this on earth ?
What makes the sun shine? How does the sun produce enormous energy necessary to support life on earth? How does ionization of atoms takes place? How does the sun burn hydrogen in
What makes the sun shine? How does the sun produce enormous energy necessary to support life on earth? How does ionization of atoms takes place? How does the sun burn hydrogen in "nuclear furnace" to create energy
The nuclear fusion in the Sun involves fusion of Deuterium with another proton with Helium as the end product.
 Hydrostatic equilibrium balances outward thermal pressure and gravity trying to collapse the Sun to the center
The nuclear fusion in the Sun involves fusion of Deuterium with another proton with Helium as the end product.
Hydrostatic equilibrium balances outward thermal pressure and inward gravity trying to collapse the Sun to the center
Details of the animation/ movie /software

This educational science animation has been prepared keeping the curiosity of the audience, an effort has been made to cover the Sun's source of energy and the complete mechanism of transfer of energy from the core to the surface, the box-open notes at various places inside the animation provide crucial details.

Nuclear fusion reaction - source of solar power:
Hydrogen nuclei (protons) fuse to create helium-4 and release energy in several stages:

1. Two protons combine to form a deuterium (hydrogen atom with one neutron), a positron (similar to electron, but with a positive charge) and a neutrino
2. A proton and a deuterium atom combine to form a helium-3 atom (two protons with one neutron) and a gamma ray.
3. Two helium-3 atoms combine to form a helium-4 (two protons and two neutrons) and two protons.

Now, the helium-4 atoms are less massive than the two hydrogen atoms that started the process. The difference in mass was converted to energy given by Einstein's theory of relativity (E=mc2).

The high-energy gamma ray photons produced at the core is then transported to the space by the process of radiative diffusion and convection and then again by radiation.

During the energy transport mechanisms, the entire gamma rays in the core are converted into visible, ultraviolet light, X-rays, visible light, infrared, microwaves and radio photons producing a continuous (thermal) spectrum.

Thus it is this energy produced by the nuclear fusion at the sun's core that strikes the earth, provides warmth to the planet and drives our weather and provides energy for life.

Since Sun has got a vast amount of hydrogen element, it will continue to produce energy for next billion numbers of years and is therefore an inexhaustible source of energy for us.

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Q & A
Q1: hi majid farsi 8/2/2014
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Q2: why don't fusion still made? Resit Usta 13/9/2013
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Q3: What are you talking about Josephine 4/6/2012
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Q4: why we couldn't develop spontaneous nuclear fusion reaction practically as in sun? Taba Tallum 28/11/2011
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Q5: How does energy produced by nuclear fusion move from the sun's core to space? vball2 27/5/2010
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Q6: what is the most common form of nuclear fusion in the sun? Jessica DeFreitas 29/3/2010
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Q7: why we do not see the waves of sound? waqar hussain 19/2/2010
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Q8: why we do not see the waves of sound? waqar hussain 19/2/2010
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Q9: How does the sun get its energy? besmellah 25/11/2009
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Q10: how does the sun creates energy geetha 31/10/2009
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Q11: can you describe how nucleat fusion produces energy in the sun kaylee martin 29/4/2009
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Q12: What would happen if we fired a billion tonne H-Bomb into the sun (lets say that it didnt burn up before reaching the sun) Tony Mcguire 1/4/2009
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Q13: What makes the sun shine? eny humaidah 10/3/2009
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Q14: what is the area of the core? micah angela muncada 22/2/2009
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Q15: what about the electric Sun theory? some physicists dismiss gravity in the Sun Thaddeus Buttmunch MD 30/12/2008
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Q16: how does the sun convert matter into energy in its core? Anomynous 24/9/2008
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Q17: So rays come to earth as UV rays and go back as infrared radiation? Hui 8/7/2008
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Q18: What is the wavelength of the sun's ray coming to Earth and going back? HUI 3/7/2008
Ans: There no easy answer to that as Sun’ light is made up of many wavelengths (Color). The ultraviolet (UV) and extreme-UV (EUV) are at wavelengths of 19.5 nm and 30.4 nm respectively, the near infrared is at a wavelength of 1083 nm (or 1.083 microns), the red light at a wavelength of 656 nanometers, blue light at a wavelength of 393 nanometers (nm)
   
Q19: how does nuclear fusion produce energy in the sun? Amy 1/3/2008
Ans: Sun produces energy equal to 8 × 10^16 of the largest power plants on the Earth. The core starts from the center and extends to 25 percent of the sun's radius. Here, gravity pulls all of the mass inward and creates an intense pressure. Two atoms of hydrogen are combined to create helium-4 and energy in several steps. The mass that was given up to form the massive nucleus was converted to energy. (E=mc^2). Since c is the speed of light and it's squared, so a little bit of mass can make a lot of energy. An amount of mass equal to 0.03 times the mass of one proton was given up and converted to energy equal to 0.03 × (mass one proton) × c^2.
   
Q20: ASSISTANCE OLAWUWO VICTOR 15/2/2008
Ans: Please let us know what kind of assistance do you require.
   
Q21: what are the effects of nuclear fusion on the sun, how does the nuclear fusion effect earth, other planets, and the surrounding area on the sun? illoh 7/12/2007
Ans: The energy emitted by the sun passes through space until it is intercepted by planets, other celestial objects, or interstellar gas and dust. The intensity of solar radiation striking these objects is determined by a physical law known as the Inverse Square Law. At twice the distance, the intensity of energy is one-quarter. The solar radiations consist of complete spectrum of radiation, our atmosphere blocks most of these so only 40% pass through, but Mercury, Venus receive the full blast hence are bone dry, the intensity starts decreasing from Earth onwards. All the other celestial bodies like comets that pass close to the Sun lose their mass continuously due to higher temperature of the Sun.
   
Q22: I NEED AN DIAGRAM ON HOW ENERGY CONVERIONS.CAN YOU GIVE ME EXAMPLES LIKE THE NUCLEAR REACTION AND HOW THERMAL ENERGY INCREASE AND CHANGE OR BECOME AN KINETIC OR ELECTRIC ENERGY? PLEASE HELP ME DUED TOMORROW HERSHY MINT 26/10/2007
Ans: Hi we are unable to help you with the assignment, you can do a image search in google, yahoo with keywords like "energy transformation" or " energy conversion", you will find many diagrams, we are releasing soon KE-PE energy conversion of renewable and non-renewable resources in a few weeks time
   
Q23: Iwant some information about the fusion inside the sun please Sana' Raja Ipraheem 22/10/2007
Ans: Sun is a great ball of very hot gas, made up of 27% helium, 71% hydrogen and rest of other elements. Inside Sun, intense gravitational compression near the core pulls all of the mass inward and creates an intense pressure. Under this pressure atoms of hydrogen undergo fusion. two protons (1H + 1H) form a deuteron (2H), with the simultaneous creation of a positron (e+) and a neutrino (v). The positron quickly combines with a free electron (e-) causing both particles to annihilate, their mass energy is converted into two high energy gamma-ray photons. The deuteron produced quickly collides with another proton and forms a 3He nucleus and a gamma ray. There is a 26 MeV net amount of energy released by the total reaction.
   
Q24: WHAT IS NUCLEAR ENERGY joe 10/9/2007
Ans: Nuclear energy is energy released from the atomic nucleus by the conversion of nuclear mass to energy, it is released due to fusion or fission of sub-nuclear particles.
   
Q25: Instead of trying to entre the suns core why not try to safely replicate the conditions in which it exists in order to find the answers we need, even if we have to do it in space. james 8/8/2007
Ans: Unlike fission, harnessing or studying fusion is not easy, for one it requires immense pressure and temperature (100 million degree Celsius) to generate plasma, though on earth we can generate 300 million deg C temperature but creating enough pressure so that plasma lasts beyond Pico seconds is not working. No vessel can match Sun’s immense gravity that confines plasma in a pseudo vessel. Both ITER project and artificial sun of China have not succeeded in creating sustainable energy from fusion.
   
Q26: how is nergy transfered from the sun to earth sticky 1/7/2007
Ans: By means of electromagnetic radiation only (conduction and convection cannot take place due to absence of a medium between Sun and Earth)
   
Q27: it is said that no scientist has ever enter into the sun succesfully,why can't the scientist makes a rocket from a specified liquid,that is very cold in equivalent to the hotness of the sun,but if it is not possible,i will make it possible Olawuwo Victor 18/4/2007
Ans: First of all we are impressed by your resolve and why not? It is the resolve that makes us achieve the impossible. Constraint 1) Near the periphery extreme temperatures in the Sun convert matter into its plasma state 2) Near the core the atoms are broken up, Now all kind of coolants / insulation invented till now will vaporize much before they reach the extremities let alone the core. A high end cryogenic insulation is needed to prevent this. Refer NASA for materials.
   
Q28: How does the sun shine and what does nuclear fusion have to do with it? Chelsea 18/4/2007
Ans: The Sun emits a wide spectrum of wavelengths, with a peak in what we consider the 'visible' part of the spectrum. This visible spectrum or sunlight we see, is primarily due to the incandescent gases in the photosphere area of the Sun being heated to a temperature of about 5,780 K. Nuclear fusion in the core of the Sun generates all the power emitted, it is this energy that heats up the gases in the photosphere to a very high temperature leading to light being emitted.
   
Q29: how does the sun look from the inside? tamara 29/1/2007
Ans: The Sun is a gaseous star with 98% hydrogen and helium atoms. Like earth we will not see the gases but only feel the heat as we go inside thru the 5800 K, 500 km gaseous photosphere. We will pass through enormous onion like gaseous layers with increasing density and temperature forming convection cells. At the Sun's core, the temperature is 15 million K, the gases are compressed by gravity to a density 100 times that of lead, here only their nucleus stripped of electrons will be present.
   
Q30: labeled nuclear fusion on the sun zakirah 19/1/2007
Ans: Right now we do not have a diagram in the public domain , however our full version animation contains all the information and labels. We will try to bring out a diagram in the downloads section soon.
   
Q31: HOW DOES THE SUN PRODUCE ENGERY TONYA CATO 13/9/2006
Ans: Energy in the Sun is produced by fusion of protons, note that this kind of fusion is not possible under any other condition except extremely high pressure and temperature so that protons can overcome high repulsion to fuse together to release energy, these conditions are possible at the core of the Sun
   
Q32: do you have many types of model of atom? memchu 1/8/2006
Ans: We have detailed animations for 3 models : Dalton (being uploaded today), Thomson ( Discovery of electron) and Rutherford. The fourth one on Bohr is under construction slated for September 2006 launch.
   
Q33: can you help me to andarstand all the leson in arabic wafaasaid 4/7/2006
Ans: Wafaasaid, you can post any question to us, we will be glad to answer that, but we do not have any proficiency in Arabic, so we will not be able to directly help you with your lessons.
   
Q34: tell me more about fusion ajax runman 25/5/2006
Ans: Fusion creates immense energy but has its own challenges, it involves fusing light nuclei like hydrogen isotopes (deuterium and tritium) at very high temperature to produce high energy, the confinement required is produced through magnetic field, it is a safe and clean method of generating electricity.
   
Q35: How is energy created and transferred in the sun? Bree 5/4/2006
Ans: At the core Hydrogen nuclei (protons) fuse to create helium-4 and release energy, this energy is created and transferred by the process of radiative diffusion and convection, for complete understanding refer our very popular fullversion animation where each process has been animated and all reactions have been show through animation.
   


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